Artificial intelligence and implications for tutoring of textual work

Authors

  • Per Ivar Kjærgård NLA University College
  • Hans-Olav Hodøl University of Agder
  • Øyvind Økland Volda University College

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15845/ntvp.v9i2.4078

Keywords:

Norsk

Abstract

In the fall of 2022 OpenAI's ChatGPT became publicly available. Since then, several services based on artificial intelligence (AI) have been established. In this study, we seek to shed light on how access to these tools affects students' learning process and the role of the supervisor.

The article is based on a survey and focus group interviews among academic staff at Norwegian higher education institutions. The study shows that AI-based tools create both challenges and opportunities. The opportunities are particularly linked to a concept of a "sparring partner", where the robot can be a conversation partner who never gets bored and offers complementary skills compared to an ordinary supervisor. The challenges are particularly linked to the uncritical use of the robots' suggestions.

Provided that the students remain critical of the writing robots' suggestions and maintain their independence in relation to the text being produced, the study argues that process of learning can be strengthened. However, the tutor's role changes when the technology can help with some of the things that tutors have previously had to help students with.

Author Biographies

Per Ivar Kjærgård, NLA University College

Per Ivar Kjærgård is Associate Professor of Education at NLA University College, Bergen. His teaching and research areas are related to pedagogy, didactics, digital learning materials, artificial intelligence and guidance.

Hans-Olav Hodøl, University of Agder

Hans-Olav Hodøl er førstelektor i medieproduksjon ved Universitetet i Agder. Hans undervisnings- og forskningsområder dreier seg særlig om kommunikasjon, medieproduksjon, mediepraksis og digitale medier.

Øyvind Økland, Volda University College

Øyvind Økland is Professor of Education at Volda University College and Professor II at NLA University College. His R&D work includes pedagogy, social media, immigration and media, globalization, and health issues in a communication perspective.

References

Al-khresheh, M. H. (2024). Bridging technology and pedagogy from a global lens: Teachers’ perspectives on integrating ChatGPT in English language teaching. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 6, 100218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100218

Banihashem, S. K., Kerman, N. T., Noroozi, O., Moon, J. & Drachsler, H. (2024). Feedback sources in essay writing: peer-generated or AI-generated feedback? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00455-4

Befring, E. (2015). Forskningsmetoder i utdanningsvitenskap. Cappelen Damm akademisk.

Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Buckingham, D. & Strandgaard Jensen, H. (2012). Beyond “Media Panics”: Journal of Children and Media, 6(4), 413–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2012.740415

Burkhard, M. (2022). Student Perceptions of AI-Powered Writing Tools: Towards Individualized Teaching Strategies. I International Association for Development of the Information Society. International Association for the Development of the Information Society. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED626893

Chiu, T. K. F. (2024). Future research recommendations for transforming higher education with generative AI. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 6, 100197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100197

Delcker, J., Heil, J., Ifenthaler, D., Seufert, S. & Spirgi, L. (2024). First-year students AI-competence as a predictor for intended and de facto use of AI-tools for supporting learning processes in higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00452-7

Dysthe, O. (2006). Rettleiaren som lærar, partnar eller meister? I A. Samara & O. Dysthe (Red.), Forskningsveiledning på master og doktorgradsnivå (s. 220–249). Abstrakt.

Dysthe, O., Breistein, S., Kjeldsen, J. E. & Lied, L. I. (2006). Studentperspektiv på rettleiing. I A. Samara & O. Dysthe (Red.), Forskningsveiledning på master og doktorgradsnivå (s. 207–228). Abstrakt.

Dysthe, O. & Hertzberg, F. (2006). Å bygge opp skrivekompetanse fra bachelor til doktorgrad. I A. Samara & O. Dysthe (Red.), Forskningsveiledning på master og doktorgradsnivå (s. 123–145). Abstrakt.

Erstad, O. (2022). Pedagogikkens relevans i den digitale tilstand. Nordisk tidsskrift for pedagogikk og kritikk, 8. https://doi.org/10.23865/ntpk.v8.4070

Fleckenstein, J., Meyer, J., Jansen, T., Keller, S. D., Köller, O. & Möller, J. (2024). Do teachers spot AI? Evaluating the detectability of AI-generated texts among student essays. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 6, 100209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100209

Fremstad, E., Christiansen, H. A., Coh, M., Skjeflo, M., Komissarova, T., Westbye, H. & Gullbekk, E. (2023, 14. oktober). Vi må samarbeide om KI i utdanning og læring. Khrono. https://www.khrono.no/kunstig-intelligens-i-utdanning-og-laering/817527

Gamlem, S. T. M. (2022). Tilbakemelding og vurdering for læring (2. utgave.). Gyldendal.

Handal, G., Lauvås, P. & Lycke, K. H. (2013). Strategier i forskningsveiledning? En analyse av veilederes tilbakemelding på tekst. Uniped, 36(4), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.3402/uniped.v36i4.23140

High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence. (2019). A definition of Artificial Intelligence: main capabilities and scientific disciplines. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=56341

Kjeldsen, J. E. (2006). Tilbakemelding på tekst. I A. Samara & O. Dysthe (Red.), Forskningsveiledning på master og doktorgradsnivå (s. 162–183). Abstrakt.

Kommunal- og moderniseringsdepartementet. (2020). Nasjonal strategi for kunstig intelligens. Kommunal- og moderniseringsdepartementet. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/nasjonal-strategi-for-kunstig-intelligens/id2685594/

Lauvås, P. & Handal, G. (2014). Veiledning og praktisk yrkesteori (3. utg.). Cappelen Damm akademisk.

Lee, D., Arnold, M., Srivastava, A., Plastow, K., Strelan, P., Ploeckl, F., Lekkas, D. & Palmer, E. (2024). The impact of generative AI on higher education learning and teaching: A study of educators’ perspectives. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 6, 100221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100221

Misiejuk, K., Kaliisa, R. & Scianna, J. (2024). Augmenting assessment with AI coding of online student discourse: A question of reliability. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 6, 100216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100216

Moorhouse, B. L. (2024). Beginning and first-year language teachers’ readiness for the generative AI age. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 6, 100201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100201

Myhre, R. (1972). Store pedagoger i egne skrifter : 6 : Amerikansk progressivisme og essensialisme (Bd. 6). Fabritius.

Niloy, A. C., Bari, M. A., Sultana, J., Chowdhury, R., Raisa, F. M., Islam, A., Mahmud, S., Jahan, I., Sarkar, M., Akter, S., Nishat, N., Afroz, M., Sen, A., Islam, T., Tareq, M. H. & Hossen, M. A. (2024). Why do students use ChatGPT? Answering through a triangulation approach. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 6, 100208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100208

Nottingham, J. (2017). The learning challenge: how to guide your students through the learning pit to achieve deeper understanding (International edition). Corwin, a SAGE company.

Skagen, K. (2013). I veiledningens landskap : innføring i veiledning og rådgivning (2. utg.). Cappelen Damm akademisk.

Skagen, K. (2022). To mestere og autoriteter om dialog i profesjonsveiledning. Nordisk tidsskrift i veiledningspedagogikk, 7(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.15845/ntvp.v7i1.3417

Tveiten, S. (2019). Veiledning - mer enn ord. Fagbokforlaget.

Vygotsky, L. S. (1985). Thought and language (17. print). MIT Press.

Walter, Y. (2024). Embracing the future of Artificial Intelligence in the classroom: the relevance of AI literacy, prompt engineering, and critical thinking in modern education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00448-3

Ørevik, S. & Skjelbred, D. (2023). Eit endra læremiddellandskap – ei utfordring for lærarutdanninga. Norsk pedagogisk tidsskrift, 107(3), 217–230. https://doi.org/10.18261/npt.107.3.3

Østbye, H., Helland, K., Knapskog, K., Larsen, L. O. & Moe, H. (2023). Metodebok for mediefag (5. utgave.). Fagbokforlaget. https://www.fagbokforlaget.no/Metodebok-for-mediefag/I9788245045567

Øystese, V. B. & Rudjord Unneland, A. K. (2024). På rett veg med rettleiinga (V. B. Øystese & A. K. Rudjord Unneland, Red.). Universitetsforlaget. https://doi.org/10.18261/9788215069210-24-01

Published

2024-11-21

How to Cite

Kjærgård, P. I., Hodøl, H.-O., & Økland, Øyvind. (2024). Artificial intelligence and implications for tutoring of textual work. The Nordic Journal of Pedagogical Supervision, 9(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.15845/ntvp.v9i2.4078