“It’s one of the most important things we do”
How advisors facilitate learning among workers in Permanent Adapted Employment (PAE)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15845/ntvp.v11i1.4459Keywords:
guidance, disability, workplace learning, qualification, Social Role Valorization, DeweyAbstract
This qualitative interview study explores how ten advisors facilitate learning among workers in Permanently Adapted Employment (PAE). The data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. The findings show that advisors regard learning as a central part of their work and that conditions for learning are essential for the workers’ development. Formal education is supported but considered realistic only for a few. Therefore, informal learning is emphasised, with competency goals from vocational education and the regular labour market serving as reference points. The advisors highlight the workers’ right to define their own goals, even when these diverge from established expectations. Work in PAE is described as equivalent to ordinary employment. The findings point to a significant shift in learning opportunities for workers in PAE and illustrate how advisors contribute to expanding these opportunities. The study is theoretically grounded in Dewey’s philosophy of learning and Wolfensberger’s Theory of Social Role Valorization, offering new insights into how learning is understood and practised in adapted work contexts.
References
Almalky, H. A. (2020). Employment outcomes for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A literature review. Children and Youth Services Review, 109, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104656
Andreassen, T., Breit, E. & Saltkjel, T. (2022). Inkludering, antidiskriminering eller aktivering: Hvordan politikk for økt arbeidslivsdeltakelse studeres fra ulike forskningstradisjoner. I M. Sønderskov (Red.), Samhandling og inkludering i arbeidslivet (s. 41- 61). Cappelen Damm Akademisk.
Arbeidsdepartementet. (2011). Differensierte satser Varig tilrettelagt arbeid (VTA) AFRY Group Norway AS, Progba AS. Arbeids- og inkluderingsdepartementet. https://kudos.dfo.no/dokument/9028/differensierte-satser-for-varig-tilrettelagt-arbeid-vta
Bartram, T., Cavanagh, J., Sim, S., Pariona-Cabrera, P. & Meacham, H. (2018). Going the Extra Mile: Managers and Supervisors as Moral Agents for Workers with Disability at Two Social Enterprises. Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 73(4), 728-752. https://doi.org/10.7202/1056975ar
Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2022). Thematic analysis. A practical guide. Sage.
Brinkmann, S. (2006). John Dewey : en introduktion. Hans Reitzel.
Cavanagh, J., Meacham, H., Cabrera, P. P. & Bartram, T. (2019). Vocational learning for workers with intellectual disability: interventions at two case study sites. Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 71(3), 350-367. https://doi.org/10.1080/13636820.2019.1578819
Cimera, R. E. (2008). The Cost-Trends of Supported Employment versus Sheltered Employment. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 28, 15-20. https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-2008-00400
Dewey, J. (1910). The child and the curriculum. University of Chicago Press Chicago.
Dewey, J. (1916). Democracy and education: An introduction to philosophy of education. The Macmillian Company
Dewey, J. (1980). The middle works, 1899-1924 (Bd. 10). Southern Illinois University Press.
European Commission. (2000). Charter of fundamental rights of the European Union. Official Journal of the European Communities, C346/1. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf
Fossan, G. (2025). Arbeidstakere i varig tilrettelagt arbeid (VTA): En dokumentanalyse av arbeidsinkluderingsbedrifters mål og planer for læring: Nordic Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 15(2), 78-103.
Frøyland, K., Andreassen, T. A. & Innvær, S. (2019). Contrasting Supply-side, Demand-side and Combined Approaches to Labour Market Integration. Journal of Social Policy, 48(2), 311-328. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279418000491
Frøyland, K. & Spjelkavik, Ø. (2019). Inkluderingskompetanse: ordinært arbeid som mål og middel. Gyldendal akademisk.
Gilson, C. B., Carter, E. W. & Biggs, E. E. (2017). Systematic review of instructional methods to teach employment skills to secondary students with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 42(2), 89-107.
Gilson, C. B., Whirley, M. L., Carter, E. W. & Schutz, M. A. (2022). Teaching Employment Skills to People with Intellectual and Developmental Disability. I J. L. Matson & P. Sturmey (Red.), Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorder: Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment (s. 1559-1579). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88538-0_69
Gjertsen, H. (2021). Å jobbe både i skjermet og ordinær virksomhet via VTA. I H. Gjertsen, L. Melbøe & H. A. Hauge (Red.), Arbeidsinkludering for personer med utviklingshemming. Universitetsforlaget.
Illeris, K. (2006). Lifelong learning and the low‐skilled. International journal of lifelong education, 25(1), 15-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370500309451
Lewis, R., Dobbs, L. & Biddle, P. (2013). ‘If this wasn’t here I probably wouldn’t be’: disabled workers’ views of employment support. Disability & Society, 28(8), 1089-1103. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2012.758031
Mandal, R. (2008). De har jo uansett uførepensjon (42). (En undersøkelse av arbeidsmarkedstiltaket varig tilrettelagt arbeid (VTA). FAFO. https://www.fafo.no/zoo-publikasjoner/fafo-rapporter/de-har-jo-uansett-uforepensjon
Marhuenda, F. (2009). Work Integration in Social Enterprises: Employment for the Sake of Learning. I M.-L. Stenström & P. Tynjälä (Red.), Towards Integration of Work and Learning: Strategies for Connectivity and Transformation (s. 77-91). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8962-6_5
Marhuenda, F., Garcia, C. & Navas Saurin, A. (2010). In-company work experience as a strategy for educating and inserting people into the labour market. Work integration social enterprises. Revista de Educación (Madrid), 351, 139-161.
Marhuenda-Fluixá, F. (2018). Learning at work: Researching personal development and competence building in work integration companies. Educar (Bellaterra, Spain), 54(2), 491-509. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/educar.801
Marhuenda-Fluixá, F. (2021). Apprenticeships for Adulthood: The Contribution of the Third Sector to Non-Formal Vocational Education. I P. Eigenmann, P. Gonon & M. Weil (Red.), Opening and Extending Vocational Education (Bd. 00018). Peter Lang AG, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften.
Marhuenda-Fluixá, F. (2024). Informal Learning of Vulnerable People in Vocational Training. I M. Pilz (Red.), Informal Learning in Vocational Education and Training: Illuminating an Elusive Concept (s. 91-110). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-44341-2_5
Meld.St.33 (2023-2024. En forsterket arbeidslinje - flere i jobb og færre på trygd.
Molpeceres, M., Martínez-Morales, I., Bernad, J. C. & Marhuenda-Fluixá, F. (2024). Non-profit organizations in training for employment: On the transformative potential of their critique of education. European Educational Research Journal, 23(5), 673-691. https://doi.org/10.1177/14749041241257018
Nav. (2019). Kravspesifikasjon Varig tilrettelagt arbeid i skjermet virksomhet.
NESH. (2023). Forskningsetiske retningslinjer for samfunnsvitenskap og humaniora. Den nasjonale forskningsetiske komité for samfunnsvitenskap og humaniora. https://www.forskningsetikk.no/retningslinjer/hum-sam/forskningsetiske-retningslinjer-for-samfunnsvitenskap-og-humaniora/
NOU 2019:7. Arbeid og inntektssikring. Tiltak for økt sysselsetting. Arbeids- og sosialdepartementet. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/nou-2019-7/id2637967/?ch=1
Olsen, T. (2009). Versjoner av arbeid: Dagaktivitet og arbeid etter avviklingen av institusjonsomsorgen [Doktorgradsavhandling]. Uppsala University.
Olsen, T., Qvortrup, J. & Bråthen, K. (2021). Arbeidstaker eller deltaker? Medvirking og innflytelse i Varig tilrettelagt arbeid. Fontene forskning, 14(2), 58-69. https://fontene.no/forskning/arbeidstaker-eller-deltaker-medvirkning-og-innflytelse-i-varig-tilrettelagt-arbeid-6.584.876127.41518925a9
Oxford Research. (2021). Kartlegging av ordinært arbeidsliv i VTA. Sluttrapport fra kartlegging. Oxford Research. https://oxfordresearch.no/publications/bruk-av-ordinaert-arbeidsliv-i-vta-tiltaket/
Repstad, P. (2024). Mellom nærhet og distanse: kvalitative metoder i samfunnsfag. Universitetsforlaget.
Rustad, M. & Kassah, K. A. (2020). Learning disability and work inclusion: on the experiences, aspirations and empowerment of sheltered employment workers in Norway. Disability & Society, 36(3), 399-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2020.1749564
Thoms, C. L. V. & Burton, S. L. (2016). Learning, Development, and Training: The influence og Synergies through Educational Evolution. International Journal of Adult Vocational Education and Technology (IJAVET), 7(4), 85 - 103. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJAVET.2016100106
Tiltaksforskriften. (2015). Forskrift om arbeidsmarkedstiltak (tiltaksforskriften) (§ 14-5). Lovdata. https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2015-12-11-1598/KAPITTEL_14#KAPITTEL_14
Tveiten, S. (2010). Veiledning - mer enn ord. Fagbokforlaget.
Tøssebro, J. & Olsen, T. (2020). Employment Opportunities for People with Intellectual Disabilities. I R. J. Stancliffe, M. L. Wehmeyer, K. A. Shogren & B. H. Abery (Red.), Choice, preference, and disability: Promoting self-determination across the lifespan (s. 225-246). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35683-5_12
UNESCO. (2005). Universal declaration on bioethics and human rights. UNESCO. https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/universal-declaration-bioethics-and-human-rights?hub=66535
Vo, L.-C. & Kelemen, M. (2014). John Dewey (1859–1952). I The Oxford Handbook of Process Philosophy and Organization Studies (s. 236-254). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199669356.013.0015
VTA-overenskomsten. (2022-2024). VTA-overenskomsten 2022-2024. ASVL, Fellesforbundet og LO. https://www.fellesforbundet.no/lonn-og-tariff/tariffavtaler/vta-overenskomsten/
Wehman, P. (2023). Supported employment and customized employment: How effective are these interventions and what has been their impact on the field? Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 58, 237-247. https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-230022
Wehman, P., Taylor, J., Brooke, V., Avellone, L., Whittenburg, H., Ham, W., Brooke, A. M. & Carr, S. (2018). Toward competitive employment for persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities: What progress have we made and where do we need to go. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 43(3), 131-144.
Wolfensberger, W. (1983). Social role valorization: A proposed new term for the principle of normalization. Mental Retardation, 21(6), 234-239.
Wolfensberger, W. (2000). A breif overview of Social Role Valorization. Mental Retardation, 38(2), 105-123.
Wolfensberger, W. (2002). Social role valorization and, or versus,“empowerment”. Mental Retardation, 40(3), 252-258.
Wolfensberger, W. (2011). An «If this, Then That» Formulation of Decisions Related to Social Role Valorization As a Better Way of interpreting It to People. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 49(6), 456-462.
Zahavi, D. (2025). Phenomenology: The Basics (2. utg.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003350682
Östman, L. & Öhman, J. (2023). A transactional methodology for analysing learning. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 30(2), 116-132. https://doi.org/10.1080/10749039.2022.2042029
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Gry Fossan

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.