A praxeological approach to constructions of social science

Sammendrag

 Abstract:

The purpose of this article is to show how the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu's theory of practical sense with accompanying praxeological analyses can help to understand and explain how human behaviour is shaped in interaction between social agents and the social space in which they act. The article especially addresses students who have not previously worked with Bourdieu's theories, and students who wish to do a praxeological master's study using document analysis, observations, or interviews.

A study of body wash and grooming is used as an example. The background for the study is the researcher’s curiosity as to why daily body wash and grooming of patients are not combined with massage, as I have seen in a geriatric ward in England. In search for answers, I did historic and contemporary studies on body wash and grooming. Analyses of nursing textbooks, from the first, which was published in 1877, and up to textbooks in use today, show that combining daily body wash and grooming of patients with massage has never been proposed. Interviews and observations in a Norwegian nursing home show that the daily body wash and grooming do not include massage.

The absence of massage during body wash and grooming of patients is understandable in the light of the modern norms for bodily cleanliness and physical contact that arose in connection with the modernization of Western societies in the latter half of the 19th century / early 20th century. During this time, an anti-touch culture arose, and expectations were that people should wash and groom themselves. Textbook authors and nursing staff seem to have incorporated such modern bodily norms as a practical sense that unconsciously control their navigations.

Combinations of body wash and grooming with massage were heterodox practices introduced by nurse Helen Passant at the ward she managed. When Passant left, the former orthodoxy was restored. This means that the combination of body wash and massage is no longer practiced.

Sammandrag: 

I denne teksten vert kroppslege vask- og stell praksisar brukt som eksempel på korleis analyser av samspelet mellom individ og samfunn kan generere vitskaplege forklaringar på menneskelege handlingar. Det vil sei at ein tek utgangspunkt i den spesifikke, konkrete praktiske røyndomen som individa agerer i og forklarer posisjonerinagane i lys av det handlande subjektet sin posisjon med tilhøyrande disposisjonar, og i lys av det notidige og historiske sosiale feltet og rommet som handlingane finn stad i. Denne måten å konstruere vitskap om praksisar på, omtaler Bourdieu som praxeologi.

Praxeologiske studiar opererer ikkje med eit skapt skije mellom metode og teori, fordi det overordna teoretiske perspektivet er integrert i alle delar av ein studie. Om ein konstruerer viten i lys av Bourdieu sin praktikk-teori, slik ein gjer i denne teksten, vil denne teorien gjennomsyre datakonstruksjonen og dei praxeologiske analysane, uavhengig av om data er konstruert ved hjelp av intervju, observasjon, dokumentanalyser eller andre kvalitative og kvantitative metodar. Det vil sei at data ein generer ved hjelp av ulike metodar, ikkje er sanningar, men materiale som må analyserast i lys av teori.