Cadets, Critical Thinking and Lifelong Learning: Faculty-Library Collaboration in Professional Military Education

Authors

  • Elen Elvebakk NDUC
  • Gina Helene Sjursæther Norwegian Defence University College

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15845/norsotl.5044

Keywords:

Critical thinking, educational collaboration, Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL), embedded librarianship, professional military education (PME)

Abstract

Professional higher education programs increasingly emphasize the development of critical thinking, information literacy and evidence-based decisions. Using the SoTL-approach, we have explored how information literacy taught by librarians can be integrated into the military officer education to support the cadets' learning and critical interaction with information leading to better decisions. While academic libraries are increasingly recognised as educational partners in civilian higher education, their role in military academic contexts remains underexplored and often reduced to technical resource provision. Through reflexive thematic analysis of interviews with military and civilian faculty, this study investigates how library teaching can be purposefully embedded into the Norwegian Defence University College (NDUC) bachelor programmes. The analysis identifies three refined themes: Information literacy and academic development; Pedagogical collaboration through embedded librarianship; Contextual relevance for critical thinking. These findings suggest that librarians collaborating with faculty staff can contribute to support development of academic skills, information literacy, and critical inquiry. The study highlights the importance of librarians’ professional adaptability and contextual understanding of the military professional domain, arguing that meaningful integration requires active participation in curriculum planning and pedagogical collaboration. By conceptualising the library as a pedagogical partner rather than a support service, the article contributes to ongoing debates on the academisation of officer education and the evolving professional identity of librarians in a military context. The study provides empirical insights to how embedded librarianship may be operationalised in military higher education and offers perspectives that might be of relevance also beyond a military context.

References

Bartnik, L., Farmer, K., Ireland, A., Murray, L., & Robinson, J. (2010). We Will Be Assimilated: Five Experiences in Embedded Librarianship. Public Services Quarterly, 6(2–3), 150–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228959.2010.498772

Beaulieu-B, P. & Dufort, P. (2017). Introduction: Revolution in military epistemology. Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, 17(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.55016/qwpddv07

Boyer, E. L. (1990). Scholarship reconsidered: Priorities of the professoriate. Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.

Brage, C., & Svensson, E. (2010). Making a difference? Assessment of information literacy at Linköping University Library. [Paper presentation]. The 4th International Multi-Conference on Society, Cybernetics and Informatics, Orlando, FL, USA. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268000819_Making_a_Difference_Assessment_of_Information_Literacy_at_Linkoping_University_Library

Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2022). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. SAGE.

Braun, V., Clarke, V., Hayfield, N., Davey, L., & Jenkinson, E. (2023). Doing reflexive thematic analysis. In Supporting research in counselling and psychotherapy: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research (pp. 19–38). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13942-0_2

Byrne, D. (2022). A worked example of Braun and Clarke’s approach to reflexive thematic analysis. Quality & Quantity, 56(3), 1391–1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-021-01182-y

Enstad, K., & Hagen, A. M. (2026). No common understanding? A scoping review of professional military education in the twenty-first century. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 70(1), 80–100. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00313831.2025.2459408

European Parliament. (2023). How academic freedom is monitored: Overview of methods and procedures. Brussels: Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2861/45892

Felten, P. (2013). Principles of good practice in SoTL. Teaching & Learning Inquiry, 1(1), 121–125. https://doi.org/10.2979/teachlearninqu.1.1.121

Finlay, L. (2021). Thematic analysis: The “good,” the “bad,” and the “ugly.” European Journal for Qualitative Research in Psychotherapy, 11, 103–116. https://doi.org/10.24377/EJQRP.article3062

Hartvig, L., & Moring, C. (2025). Embedded librarianship and digital literacy instruction in academic libraries: A case-based study of the Copenhagen University Library. Nordic Journal of Library and Information Studies, 5(2), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.7146/njlis.v5i2.148821

Hess, M.-G. L. (2025, May 20). Akademisk ytringsfrihet er også et lederansvar [Academic freedom of expression is also a leadership responsibility]. Forsvarets Forum. https://www.forsvaretsforum.no/forskning-forsvarets-hogskole-kronikk/akademisk-ytringsfrihet-er-ogsa-et-lederansvar/458860

Hutchings, P., & Shulman, L. S. (1999). The scholarship of teaching: New elaborations, new developments. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 31(5), 10-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00091389909604218

King, A. (2019). Command: The twenty-first-century general. Cambridge University Press.

Kirschner, P. A., Sweller, J., & Clark, R. E. (2006). Why minimal guidance during instruction does not work: An analysis of the failure of constructivist, discovery, problem-based, experiential, and inquiry-based teaching. Educational Psychologist, 41(2), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep4102_1

Larsen, H., Anderson, A., Fagerlid, C., Larsen, H., & Straume, I. S. (2017). Det åpne bibliotek: Forskningsbibliotek i endring [The open library: Research libraries in transition]. Cappelen / NOASP (Nordic Open Access Scholarly Publishing). https://doi.org/10.23865/noasp.20

LeMire, S., Graves, S. J., & Medlin, Z. C. (2018). Be all that you can be: Targeting library orientations to military cadets. In Planning library orientations (pp. 205–211). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102171-2.00021-0

McClurg, C., MacMillan, M., & Chick, N. (2019). Visions of the possible: Engaging with librarians in the scholarship of teaching and learning. Teaching and Learning Inquiry, 7(2), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.20343/teachlearninqu.7.2.1

Mullins, K., & Boyd-Byrnes, M. K. (2024). Academic librarians’ contribution to information literacy instruction and learning. College & Research Libraries, 85(3), 423–439. https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.85.3.423

NATO. (2017). Framework for future alliance operations. NATO Allied Command Transformation. https://www.act.nato.int/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/171002ws8-combined-outbrief.pdf

Norwegian Armed Forces. (2022). Kunnskap for frihet. Forsvarets Høgskole strategi 2023–2033 [Knowledge for freedom: The Norwegian Defence University College strategy 2023–2033]. https://www.forsvaret.no/om-forsvaret/organisasjon/FHS/2023-05-26--U--Strategi-FHS.pdf/_/attachment/inline/d1f77d69-0ed8-4796-ad9b-892a6ef330a7:b97aad9eb6d8847648756a43f1a8a5276265e7da/2023-05-26--U--Strategi-FHS.pdf

Norwegian Armed Forces. (2024a). Grunnlagsdokument for utviklingen av den militære profesjonen [Foundational document for the development of the military profession]. https://www.forsvaret.no/soldater-og-ansatte/profesjonogkultur/bakgrunn/_/attachment/inline/a303b8f0-9819-4042-8f14-4850c04b0087:a6a462c7994dd5e1cf9404fa8a0e5c37767d8e76/Grunnlagsdokument_den%20milit%C3%A6re%20profesjonen.pdf

Norwegian Armed Forces. (2024b, December 17). The Norwegian Defence University College (NDUC). https://www.forsvaret.no/en/organisation/nduc

Norwegian Armed Forces. (n.d.). Biblioteket [The library]. https://www.forsvaret.no/forskning/biblioteketfhs

Norwegian Ministry of Defence. (2025). Long-term defence plan 2025–2036: The Norwegian defence pledge. https://www.regjeringen.no/en/documents/the-norwegian-defence-pledge/id3032809/

OsloMet. (2025). Bachelor programme in Library and Information Science: Programme description. https://student.oslomet.no/en/studier/-/studieinfo/programplan/LBIBIN/2025/H%C3%98ST

Schulte, S. J. (2012). Embedded academic librarianship: A review of the literature. Evidence Based Library and Information Practice, 7(4), 4–17. https://doi.org/10.18438/B8M60D

Sjøgren, S. (2022). What military commanders do and how they do it: Executive decision-making in the context of standardised planning processes and doctrine. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 5(1), 379–397. https://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.146

Snider, D. M., & Matthews, L. H. (Eds.). (2005). The future of the Army profession (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Thagaard, T. (2018). Systematikk og innlevelse: En innføring i kvalitative metoder (5th ed.) [Systematics and empathy: An introduction to qualitative methods]. Fagbokforlaget.

Thorn, J. (2022). How librarian involvement enhances students’ information literacy. Nordic Journal of Information Literacy in Higher Education, 13(1), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.15845/noril.v13i1.3783

Utrecht University. (n.d.). Utrecht roadmap for scholarship of teaching and learning (UR-SoTL). https://www.uu.nl/en/education/centre-for-academic-teaching-and-learning/educational-scholarship-and-research/types-of-educational-research/research-into-your-own-education/roadmap-for-scholarship-of-teaching-and-learning

Vestvik, H. T. (2026). Use of the jigsaw method in interdisciplinary continuing education. Norsk Tidsskrift for Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 1. https://doi.org/10.15845/norsotl.v1.4605

Downloads

Published

2026-11-10

How to Cite

Elvebakk, E., & Sjursæther, G. H. (2026). Cadets, Critical Thinking and Lifelong Learning: Faculty-Library Collaboration in Professional Military Education. Norsk Tidsskrift for Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 1. https://doi.org/10.15845/norsotl.5044

Issue

Section

Inquiry Article